About the book: 2021 / The term "Scandinavia" dates back to medieval Latin. This word was first mentioned by the ancient Roman scientist Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedic work “Natural History”. Traditionally, Scandinavia includes three countries - Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Some authors include Iceland, which is historically closely associated with Norway and Denmark, as part of Scandinavia, but the Icelanders themselves (as well as the Swedes, Norwegians and Danes) do not consider Iceland to be part of Scandinavia. Here is the history of these three countries - fascinating, at times cruel and instructive. Rulers, battles, battles and the very spirit of this land, the so-called “northern courage” - all this creates the unique image of the Scandinavian countries and their special path in history, in some ways close to Russia, and in others infinitely distant. In pdf format A4 retained publishing design.