protected from the Norman threat. This became obvious under the walls of Paris, besieged by the Vikings, heroically defended by the future king, Count Ed. The last Carolingian emperor was deposed, and the unified empire was finally replaced by new kingdoms - France and Germany. Ed of Paris became king of France. The Swiss medievalist Eduard Favre showed how the inexorable logic of events now forced Ed to fight for the throne with internal enemies and rebellious lords, forgetting about the raids of the Scandinavians. The new monarch, who rose from the aristocracy thanks to his talents as a military leader, became a real symbol of that turbulent time when the Carolingian civilization was fading into the past and new political and socio-economic structures were dimly beginning to emerge on the horizon..

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