About the book: 2000 / The textbook is dedicated to a comprehensive presentation of the most significant achievements of Western, Eastern, Russian philosophy from antiquity to the present day in their specificity and unity. The philosophy of various regions and eras is considered as the most important integral part of civilizational development, spiritual life, and culture of mankind. The unity of the history of philosophy, as a process of development of the spirit, with the history of civilization, as a process of development of society and culture, is emphasized. Western and Eastern civilizations - these special integral historical formations that united methods of practical life, norms and principles of the spirit - already in distant times, when they did not interact at all or hardly interacted with each other, gave rise to types of culture endowed with unique features, and as their side and some are special forms of philosophizing. The textbook demonstrates the irremovable antinomy of the historical and philosophical process - the tense contradiction between the unique originality of the products of this process, its specific historical, regional, national, personal and individual forms and its steady transformation into a successive process of interaction between various traditions, together representing the unity of world philosophy. This is precisely the task that the authors of this textbook set for themselves. The fourth book is devoted to the philosophy of the 20th century. - such directions of Western thought as existentialism, philosophical anthropology, religious (Catholic, Protestant) philosophy, philosophical hermeneutics, Frankfurt school, structuralism, philosophy of science, etc. The textbook is addressed to students and graduate students of higher educational institutions and research centers, as well as topics who independently master philosophy.